Your fingernails are more than a cosmetic feature—they can provide valuable insights into your overall health. Changes in their appearance, such as shape, color, or texture, might indicate underlying medical conditions ranging from nutrient deficiencies to serious illnesses. While some anomalies are harmless, others may warrant a closer look.
Brittle or Discolored Nails
Dr. Sara Norris, a Los Angeles-based naturopathic doctor, explains that most nail health issues stem from poor nutrition or digestion rather than systemic diseases. “Brittle, weak, and peeling nails are the most common concerns I see in my practice, often linked to inadequate diets,” she says. However, if nail changes persist or are accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or swelling, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider.
Beau’s Lines
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Beau’s lines are deep grooves or ridges running across the nails, signaling a temporary interruption in nail growth. Dr. Bhavini Shah of Lloyds Pharmacy Online Doctor explains that these lines often appear after severe illness, high fever, or major physical stress, such as chemotherapy or injuries. For example, some people developed Beau’s lines following COVID-19. In extreme cases, they may lead to a complete nail gap (onychomadesis). While usually harmless, recurring Beau’s lines should prompt a visit to your doctor to identify potential causes.
Clubbing
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Clubbing occurs when the nails curve downward, and the fingertips swell. This gradual change can indicate serious health concerns, such as heart disease or lung conditions. Dr. Shah notes that unexplained red or purple lines under the nails might also suggest heart problems. Other heart disease symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, and swelling in the ankles. If you notice clubbing or related signs, seek medical attention to rule out serious issues.
Spoon Nails
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| Image Credit: American Association of Dermatology Association |
Spoon-shaped nails that curve inward, also called koilonychia, can be a sign of iron-deficiency anemia. According to Dr. Shah, this condition is common after pregnancy and is often accompanied by fatigue, pale skin, or headaches. Iron deficiency may also result from poor nutrition, digestive disorders, or celiac disease. Treatment typically involves iron-rich foods or supplements, but a GP may recommend blood tests to confirm the diagnosis.
Pitting or Dents
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| Image Credit: Dermnet New Zealand |
Small pits or dents in the nails are often associated with skin disorders like psoriasis, eczema, or alopecia areata (a form of hair loss). Dr. Shah highlights that these conditions usually present with other visible symptoms, such as scaly patches of skin or hair loss. A dermatologist can determine the underlying cause, and treatments may include corticosteroids or vitamin D3 alongside management of the primary condition.
Melanoma
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| Image Credit: Dermnet New Zealand |
While melanoma is most commonly associated with the skin, it can also manifest as a dark streak on a fingernail or toenail. If you notice an unexplained dark line, consult a dermatologist immediately. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.
Terry’s Nails
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| Image Credit: Hojasmuertas |
Terry’s nails, named after the doctor who identified the condition, occur when most of the nail bed turns white, leaving only a pink or red band at the tip. Dr. Shah notes this can be a sign of liver disease, heart disease, or diabetes. It may also appear as a part of the natural aging process. If accompanied by symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, or appetite loss, consult your doctor.
Yellow Nails
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| Image Credit: Shutterstock |
Yellowing nails are often caused by fungal infections, leading to thickened and brittle nails. While usually not painful, yellow nails can occasionally signal more serious conditions like diabetes, thyroid disease, or lung problems.
When to Seek Help
While many nail changes are harmless, persistent or severe abnormalities, especially when paired with other symptoms, should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. Paying attention to your nails can provide valuable clues to your overall health and help detect potential issues early.
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